CBSE CLASS 12 CHEMISTRY

🧪 Unit – 1: Solutions

• Raoult’s law

• Colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass

• Solutions, types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions

• Van’t Hoff factor

⚡ Unit – 2: Electrochemistry

• Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential

• Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells

• Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell

• Kohlrausch’s Law

• Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)

• Dry cell, electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells

• Conductance in electrolytic solutions – specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration

• Lead accumulator

• Fuel cells

⏱️ Unit – 3: Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)

• Rate law and specific rate constant

• Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)

• Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)

• Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst

• Order and molecularity of a reaction

• Activation energy

• Arrhenius equation

🔷 Unit – 4: d and f Block Elements

• Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, lanthanoid contraction and its consequences

• Actinoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals

• General trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation

• Preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄

🧲 Unit – 5: Coordination Compounds

• Coordination compounds – introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties, and shapes

• Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems

• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds

• Bonding – Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism

🌿 Unit – 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Haloarenes – nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only), uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT

• Haloalkanes – nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation, mechanism of substitution reactions

🍷 Unit – 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

• Phenols – nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses

• Ethers – nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

• Alcohols – nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol

🧴 Unit – 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

• Carboxylic acids – nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

• Aldehydes and ketones – nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses

🧠 Unit – 9: Amines

• Amines – nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines

• Diazonium salts – preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

🧬 Unit – 10: Biomolecules

• Proteins – elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins; structure of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary); denaturation of proteins; enzymes

• Hormones – elementary idea (excluding structure)

• Vitamins – classification and functions

• Carbohydrates – classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance of carbohydrates

• Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA