CBSE CLASS 11 CHEMISTRY

🧪 Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

• General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry

• Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms, and molecules

• Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula

• Chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and calculations based on stoichiometry

🔬 Unit II: Structure of Atom

• Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars

• Thomson’s model and its limitations

• Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations

• Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle

• Concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals

• Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule

• Electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and filled orbitals

🧱 Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Significance of classification, brief history of the development of the periodic table

• Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table

• Periodic trends in properties of elements – atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency

• Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100

🧲 Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis’s structure

• Polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance

• Geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory

• Concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules

• Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only)

• Hydrogen bond

♨️ Unit V: Chemical Thermodynamics

• Concepts of systems and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, and state functions

• The first law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH

• Hess’s law of constant heat summation

• Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution

• Second law of thermodynamics (brief introduction), introduction of entropy as a state function

• Gibb’s energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium

• Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction)

⚖️ Unit VI: Equilibrium

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium

• Law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle

• Ionic equilibrium – ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength

• Concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solution, Henderson Equation

• Solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples)

⚡ Unit VII: Redox Reactions

• Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number

• Balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number

• Applications of redox reactions

🧪 Unit VIII: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

• General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles

• Types of organic reactions

🧼 Unit IX: Hydrocarbons

🧾 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:

• Alkanes: Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis

• Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation. Chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation. Mechanism of electrophilic addition

• Alkynes: Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation. Chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, and water

🧾 Aromatic Hydrocarbons:

• Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature

• Benzene: resonance, aromaticity

• Chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution – nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation

• Directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene

• Carcinogenicity and toxicity