NEET BIOLOGY

🌱 Unit 1 – Diversity of Living Organisms

🧬 What is living?

What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification;; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;

🧾 Five kingdom classifications

Five kingdom classifications: salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichensl Viruses and Viroids.

🌿 Classification of Plants

.salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);

🐾 Classification of Animals

Salient features and classification of animals non chordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)’

🌸 Unit 2 – Structural Organization in Plants & Animals

🌺 Morphology and Modifications

Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and racemose, flower’ fruit and seed 1To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus) Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae)’

🐸 Animal Tissues and Frog Anatomy

Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (Frog)’ (Brief account only)

🧫 Unit 3 – Cell Structure and Function

🔬 Cell Basics

cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope’ cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelle structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum’ Golgi bodies’ lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; Cytoskeleton’ cilia flag”lla centrioles (ultrastructure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane’ chromatin, nucleolus.

🧪 Biomolecules & Enzymes

chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates. lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties’ enzyme action’ classification and nomenclature of enzymes

🔁 Cell Cycle & Division

B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance

🌿 Unit 4 – Plant Physiology

☀️ Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis takes place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary-.idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration c3 and c4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

💨 Respiration

Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis. fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

🌱 Growth & Development

Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, differentiation, and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators auxin, gibberellin, cy. cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;

🧍‍♂️ Unit 5 – Human Physiology

🌬️ Breathing and Respiration

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthm4 Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

❤️ Body Fluids and Circulation

‘ Body fluids and circulation: composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output. ECG. Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

🧪 Excretory Products and Elimination

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system structure and function; Urine formation, osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor’ ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Diarlsis and artificial kidney.

🦴 Locomotion and Movement

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with in the relevant practical of practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

🧠 Neural Control and Coordination

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in human central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulses;

🔄 Chemical Coordination and Regulation

chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, Thyroid, parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
(lmportant: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt with in brief.)

🌸 Unit 6 – Reproduction

🌼 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies, and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

🚻 Human Reproduction

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation: Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

🛡️ Reproductive Health

Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; lnfertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

🧬 Unit 7 – Genetics & Evolution

🧪 Heredity and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles, and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-l-n humans’ birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance-Haemophilia colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Tumer’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

🧫 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing, protein biosynthesis.

🧗 Evolution

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular evidence); Darwin, ‘s contribution, modern synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

🧍‍♀️ Unit 8 – Biology and Human Welfare

🦠 Health and Disease

Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue, chikungunya); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug, and alcohol abuse. Tobacco abuse

🧪 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

🧬 Unit 9 – Biotechnology and its Applications

🧫 Principles and Process of Biotechnology

Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology).

🧪 Applications of Biotechnology

Application of Biotechnology in Health and Agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gens therapy Cienbtically modified:organisms-Br crops: Transgenic Animals Biosafety issues-Biopirac;r and patents.

🌍 Unit 10 – Ecology and Environment

🐝 Organisms and Environment

organisms and environment. Population intentions-mutualism, competition. predation, parasitism Population attributes-growth. birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

🌳 Ecosystem

Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition: Energy flow: Pyramids of number, biomass. energy

🐾 Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity and its conservation: concept of Biodiversity; patterns of Biodiversity: Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms. extinction; Red Data Book. biosphere reserves, National parks , and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.